I checked 55 communication journals on Saturday, April 18, 2026 using the Crossref API. For the period April 11 to April 17, I found 89 new paper(s) in 28 journal(s).

Communication Quarterly

Charting the silent signals of social gaze: a study of eye contact in face-to-face conversations
Ralf SchmÀlzle, Nolan T. Jahn, Gary M. Bente
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Communication Research Reports

Terms young people use to describe unwanted sexual experiences
Sydney Nicolla, Allison J. Lazard, Mirian Avendaño-Galdamez
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Communication Studies

Red, Blue, and the Ballot: Examining the Influence of Partisan Media Use on Voter Fraud and Foreign Interference Concerns
Muhammad Ehab Rasul, Jay Hmielowski
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Communicatively Sustaining a Shared Transnational Family Identity Between Grandparents and Grandchildren: The Mediating Role of Chinese Immigrant Mothers
Jinwen Yue
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Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies

Glanceability and voyeuristic distance: How designing for brief interaction shapes engagement with the Apple Watch Activity Rings
Tobias Schmid
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This article examines the design concept of glanceability as a normalizing mode of engagement with digital interfaces. The glance, a visual order that recurs across everyday life, has proliferated dramatically with the emergence of the graphical user interface (GUI). While glanceable cues are ubiquitous on screens, their impact remains largely overlooked in media studies. Addressing this gap, the article draws on a textual analysis of media theory and a technical walkthrough of the Apple Watch Activity Rings (Light et al., 2018). It argues that glanceable interfaces channel attention into minute interactions that create a rhythm of engagement in which informational complexity is traded for efficiency. Expanding Blascheck et al.’s (2021) framework of glanceable cues – ‘Presence and Access’, ‘Simplicity and Understandability’, and ‘Suitability and Purpose’ – with Ellis’s (1982) concept of voyeuristic distance, the article identifies three key trade-offs: low information resolution, reductionism, and fragmented interaction. Situating this analysis within Jonathan Crary’s theorization of attention in Suspensions of Perception (2000), it frames glanceability as a form of distributed agency that normalizes behaviour rather than simply reflecting notions of efficient data display. Within this scope, the article highlights the significance of glanceable GUIs in shaping contemporary engagements with screens.
A media-materialist method for interpreting generative AI images
Daniel Binns
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This article proposes a four-layer media-materialist method for interpreting AI-generated images as cultural-computational artefacts that bear archaeologically readable traces of their production conditions. Drawing on media materialism’s focus on technological processes rather than content alone, the method analyses dataset (training materials), model (computational processing), interface (user mediation), and prompt (linguistic inscription) as interdependent layers that encode distinct biases and constraints into visual outputs. Through detailed analysis of two major training datasets – the human-curated Wikipedia-based Image-Text Dataset and the algorithmically scored LAION-Aesthetics – and sample image analyses, the method reveals how cultural assumptions become statistically compressed into archetypal arrangements. Abstract prompts like ‘intellectual rigor’ materialise through embedded echoes of academic masculinity, complete with books, globes, and contemplative poses, while platform interfaces create aesthetic path dependencies that systematically shape creative possibilities. The method works both diagnostically (with known metadata) and archaeologically (when original prompts are unknown), demonstrating how visual traces can be read backwards to understand the infrastructural pressures that shaped an image’s generation. This media-materialist approach treats AI images as both medium and artefact, revealing how centuries of visual culture become probabilistically recombined through computational inference. The framework exposes how training data biases, model architectures, interface designs, and prompt conventions collaborate to produce images that appear spontaneous but are actually shaped by layered technological and cultural constraints. Rather than dismissing AI outputs as meaningless ‘slop’ or celebrating them as creative breakthroughs, the method provides systematic tools for reading these synthetic images as cultural documents that encode the material conditions of algorithmic production, offering essential literacy for navigating an increasingly synthetic media landscape.
From critique to hope: Infrawalking, defamiliarisation, transgressive infrastructuring and utopian engineering
Fieke Jansen, Maxigas, Niels ten Oever
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This article explores how methodological innovation can move media and infrastructure studies from critique toward hope. Building on the infrastructural turn in media studies, we argue that research must go beyond diagnosing power asymmetries to co-creating utopian alternatives that centre people and planet over capital and control. Drawing on experiments from the critical infrastructure lab, we reflect on four methods: infrastructure walks, transgressive infrastructuring, defamiliarisation, and utopian engineering. In these methods, we swap the pairs of infrastructure/governance, discourse/materiality, and values/objects in order to cultivate alternative technological trajectories, thereby unsettling assumptions that current technological developments are inevitable. Rather than treating infrastructures as closed systems, these approaches invite participants, including researchers, policymakers, activists, artists, and industry actors into collaborative processes of relational knowledge production. We argue that such methods embody ‘utopia as a method’ by creating spaces of uncertainty and experimentation that render infrastructures visible, contestable, and reconfigurable. In doing so, they generate not only critique but also openings for collective utopian agendas in an attempt to co-develop alternative infrastructural futures that centre people and planet over capital and control.
Understanding TV audiences in the multiplatform era: How televisual viewing modes shape content popularity
Raul Lobanov, Indrek Ibrus
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The processes of convergence and digitization of television have brought about significant transformations, reshaping audience behaviours and viewing practices. The multiplicity of screens and platforms makes it challenging for traditional TV audience measurement methods to fully evaluate audience size and composition. Extensive datafication of audiovisual media is enabling the analysis of arrays of digital footprints. However, different measurement methods across platforms may yield divergent outcomes, highlighting the need for comparative analysis. The article explores the potential of multidimensional TV audience study to enhance understanding of contemporary TV audiences. Our analysis is based on numerous datasets of Estonian Public Broadcasting, incorporating live, time-shifted and video-on-demand viewing modes – all somewhat distinct in terms of their technical features. The analysis compares the viewing modes in terms of metadata of viewed content, demonstrating how a multidimensional study can provide a more comprehensive, yet differentiating, view of contemporary consumption patterns of televisual content.
The future of virtual production: Education, innovation, and industry
Levi Dean, Filippo Gilardi, Sadia Jamil, Helen W. Kennedy, Zhaoyu Zhu
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The global screen and performance industries are experiencing a significant shift with the increasing adoption of Virtual Production (VP) technologies. VP is frequently promoted as enabling greater creative control, logistical flexibility, and possible environmental efficiencies. At the same time, however, critics have highlighted a range of substantial challenges associated with its uptake. These include the technical complexity of VP systems, the steep learning curves required for their operation, the considerable infrastructural investments they demand, which all complicate their implementation. As VP becomes more widely embedded across screen, performance and educational contexts, it raises important questions concerning workflow, aesthetics, labour practices, sustainability, and equity within the creative industries. This special issue addresses these concerns by examining how VP is encountered in practice across diverse institutional and geographic settings. The collected articles draw on a wide range of methodological approaches–including practice-based experimentation, participatory action research, systematic review, production ethnography, and interview-based qualitative inquiry– and explore VP in contexts such as animation studios, higher education, news media organisations, participatory research settings, and state-owned museums in China.

Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking

Soft Nudges Versus Hard Governance: How Chinese Social Media Shape Bystander Behavior Against Cyberbullying
Qifan Jia, Salamati Ayihen, Rui Chen
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As digital living becomes more prevalent, cyberbullying has emerged as a global issue threatening individual well-being and social cohesion. As China’s leading social media platform, Weibo plays a crucial role in addressing cyberbullying, yet existing research has insufficiently examined the platform’s intervention frameworks and public attitudes toward such measures. This study combines nudge theory with governance logic to conduct two studies aimed at systematically analyzing Weibo’s intervention measures and their effects. Study 1 showed that Weibo has established a comprehensive intervention framework that covers the entire cycle of user behavior, combining soft and hard measures across six categories and 17 specific strategies. Soft strategies include behavioral norms, reminders, guidance, and education, while hard strategies encompass management and accountability. Study 2, a survey of 455 participants, indicated that although the public generally viewed soft strategies less favorably than hard ones, positive attitudes toward three soft strategies were associated with positive behavior. Likewise, favorable attitudes toward the hard strategy of behavioral management predicted more positive behavior, while supportive attitudes toward behavioral accountability were linked to less harmful behavior. The results indicate a mismatch between public preferences and strategy effectiveness: while hard measures are more widely accepted, soft strategies remain indispensable in incentivizing positive intervention and fostering a positive community atmosphere. This study underscores the value of a complementary soft-hard governance approach to combat cyberbullying. The findings offer theoretical foundations and practical insights for shaping effective governance strategies on social media platforms.
An Exploratory Analysis of Eye-Tracking During a Virtual Reality Social Cognition Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Sara GĂĄmez MartĂ­nez, Gary LovatĂłn Romero, Mariano Alcañiz Raya, Amaia HervĂĄs ZĂșñiga
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The diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder is based on clinical judgment, as there are no clearly identified markers to determine the presence of this condition. Gaze patterns have been proposed as a potential biomarker for autism. This study aims to conduct an exploratory analysis of the eye-tracking data collected during a virtual reality-based intervention for social cognition in autistic children. Specifically, we evaluated the variations in social orientation toward social stimuli, the association of gaze patterns with autistic traits, theory of mind (ToM) and task performance, and the mediating effect of attentional mechanisms on the relationship between social cognition performance and autism symptomatology. Our findings identified an increase in social orientation time toward social stimuli, but eye-tracking measures did not significantly predict autism symptom severity or ToM ability. The mediation analysis also failed to find a significant mediating effect of gaze patterns on the relationship between task performance and autism severity. This study points to VR as a promising tool for improving social orienting in autistic children, although there is a need to further investigate the potential of eye-tracking measures as a behavioral marker for predicting social cognition performance.

Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace

Phubbing and relational evaluation among college students: A longitudinal study
Ronghua Zhang, Xiaofeng Guo, Na Yang, Chenguang Du
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Phubbing, the act of ignoring others in favor of mobile phone use, has become a widespread phenomenon in social settings and poses increasing challenges to college students’ interpersonal relationships. The present study used a three-wave longitudinal design to examine the impact of peer phubbing on relational evaluation, with a particular focus on the mediating role of psychological needs threat, the moderating role of perceived social norms, and the cumulative nature of these effects over time. Data were collected from 593 Chinese college students across three waves spanning six months. The results showed that peer phubbing at earlier time points predicted higher levels of psychological needs threat and lower relational evaluation at later time points, whereas relational evaluation did not predict subsequent phubbing behavior. Psychological needs threat significantly mediated the longitudinal association between peer phubbing and relational evaluation, while perceived social norms did not moderate the effect of peer phubbing on needs threat and relational evaluation. These findings suggest that peer phubbing undermines situational interpersonal relationship experiences regardless of its perceived normative status. Moreover, peer phubbing appears to function not merely as a momentary interpersonal disruption but as a recurring form of everyday social exclusion with cumulative psychological and relational consequences.
The role of nonverbal communication cues in reducing videoconference fatigue: A comparison of 2D and virtual reality videoconference platforms
Benjamin Li, Heng Zhang
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Videoconferencing for work and study purposes has become increasingly prevalent in people's daily lives. However, the negative effects of prolonged and frequent use of videoconferencing, particularly videoconference fatigue (VF), have also become more severe. With technological advancements, virtual reality (VR) videoconferencing has been proposed as a potential solution to mitigate these negative impacts, especially concerning nonverbal communication cues. This study investigates the varying effects of VR conferencing and traditional 2D videoconferencing on users’ nonverbal communication cues and VF. In total, 216 university students (Mage = 22.65, SD = 3.28; 44% male, 56% female) were randomly paired and assigned to use either VR or Zoom for a videoconferencing task. The findings revealed that students using VR reported fewer negative outcomes from nonverbal communication cues compared to those using Zoom. Among the nonverbal communication cues studied, only perceptions of feeling physically trapped significantly influenced VF, while mirror anxiety, production of nonverbal cues, and hyper-gaze were not found to be related. The results suggest that VR conferencing may offer a more effective approach to reducing VF by minimizing the negative effects of nonverbal communication cues.
Social media as sources of sexual health knowledge: A compensatory or complementary form of education?
German Neubaum, Jan-Sebastian Grund
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Recent research has shown that information about sexuality is increasingly prevalent on social media. At the same time, it is well-documented that sexual health content shared or created by laypeople can be misleading or inaccurate. This study investigates who consumes sexual health knowledge on these platforms and tests whether social media technologies have a compensatory (i.e., making up for a lack of sexual education elsewhere) or complementary (i.e., enhancing sexual information individuals obtain elsewhere) function for sexual education. Results from a survey conducted in early 2023 among N = 1,245 adult social media users living in Germany (age: M = 41.94 years, SD = 14.47; gender identity: 50.3% identified as female, 49.3% as male, 0.4% as other) indicated that young, male, and highly educated individuals are more likely to be exposed to sexual education on social media. Among participants, 54.1% indicated that they encounter sexual misinformation at least sometimes. Findings further provide evidence for both mechanisms—educational compensation and educational enhancement: Individuals with stronger sexual communication apprehension, as well as those who tend to engage in sexuality-related talk in everyday life, expose themselves more frequently to sexual education. These findings have implications for theory building in the field of informal education processes through contemporary technologies and for the design of sexuality-related educational interventions.
The dark triad and cyber aggression: Testing the longitudinal mediation of moral disengagement and toxic online disinhibition
Cheng-Yen Wang, Yih-Lan Liu, Chia-Yun Chang
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An emerging body of research has consistently linked the Dark Triad traits—Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy—to cyber aggression. Moral disengagement and toxic online disinhibition have been identified as two psychological processes that may explain this association. However, longitudinal studies simultaneously examining these two mediators in the context of cyber aggression remain scarce, even though such designs are essential for clarifying temporal order and capturing dynamic processes. To address this gap, we conducted a three-wave longitudinal study in which 625 participants completed all three waves of the survey (Mage = 27.54, SDage = 6.23, age range: 20–58; 392 females). We tested a longitudinal mediation model to examine whether moral disengagement and toxic online disinhibition mediate the relationship between the Dark Triad traits and cyber aggression. Toxic online disinhibition was found to be the only significant mediator. This mediating effect was statistically significant for Machiavellianism and psychopathy, but not for narcissism. These findings suggest that toxic online disinhibition may serve as a more robust pathway than moral disengagement in explaining how specific Dark Triad traits contribute to cyber aggression.
Knowledge benefits through work-related social media use: A preregistered measurement burst study
Christine Anderl, Franziska Gaiser, Sonja Utz
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The claim that work-related social media use can help people to get better access to information has received cross-sectional empirical support, but it remains unclear to what extent these benefits are really media effects or rather selection effects. We conducted a year-long five-wave panel study with two intensive measurement periods (bi-daily assessment for one workweek after Waves 3 and 4) to disentangle within- and between-person effects. Within-person effects would support the claim that there are media effects on work-related outcomes. By looking at two different timeframes (half-day vs. three months), we also aim to explore on which timescales these effects evolve. Our analyses focused on reading and posting on social media and controlled for networking (waves) and workload (bursts) as potential confounders. In line with preregistered predictions, we found that within-person increases in reading and posting differentially predicted increases in informational benefits, ambient awareness, serendipity, creativity, and productivity measured at the same time period. Reading was positively related to the outcomes in both bursts and waves. Posting, in contrast, showed positive associations with most outcomes only within the same half‑day (bursts), and with creativity alone in the waves. In contrast, we found no consistent lagged effects at half-day or three-month intervals. In addition, between-person differences also emerged, especially for posting. Individuals who posted more often reported higher creativity and serendipity. Overall, the stronger within-person effects observed in the bursts suggest that WRSMU may provide positive, but predominantly short-term, benefits.
Selling yourself short: How sexualized online dating profiles affect viewers’ perceptions and relationship intentions
Gurit E. Birnbaum, Kobi Zholtack, Harry T. Reis
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People often use sexualized images in their online dating profiles to stand out. However, this strategy can backfire, hurting their chances of finding a partner. Three studies examined the effects of sexualized profiles on how viewers see profile owners while investigating why and when sexualization can have negative effects. Across all studies, unpartnered participants assessed sexualized and non-sexualized dating profiles, providing ratings on their perceptions of profile owners and their own relationship intentions. Study 1 revealed that owners of sexualized profiles faced heightened negative judgments and were perceived as less desirable partners (although these findings should be regarded as preliminary due to the use of different profile owners across conditions). Study 2 found diminished interest in establishing long-term relationships with sexualized profile owners due to perceiving them as less suitable partners. Study 3 showed that adding humanizing self-descriptions counteracted the negative effects of sexualization for female profiles but not for male profiles. These findings suggest that whether sexualization leads to negative judgments depends on its contextual meaning.
AI aversion? Effects of author disclosure on young people’s perceptions of mental health advice
Petter Bae Brandtzaeg, Marita Skjuve, AsbjĂžrn FĂžlstad
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The increasing use of large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, is already impacting how young people seek mental health support online. However, AI aversion, the reluctance or resistance individuals feel toward AI, may influence individuals’ perceptions and willingness to engage with LLM-generated advice. In this mixed-method study, we investigated how 440 young people (aged 17–21) perceived mental health advice from ChatGPT compared with that of health professionals, emphasizing the effect of author disclosure. Participants assessed answers from ChatGPT and health professionals across four dimensions—Validation, Relevance, Clarity, and Utility—and were asked to recommend answers. The findings indicate a preference for AI-generated answers when participants were unaware of the author’s identity: ChatGPT’s answers scored significantly higher on Validation, Relevance, Clarity, and Utility. Conversely, when the author was disclosed, participants favored responses from health professionals and rated their answers significantly higher for Validation, indicating AI aversion. Qualitative data further revealed that participants became more critical when they knew the content was AI-generated, while responses from health professionals were viewed as more credible, empathetic, and tailored. These findings may indicate human favoritism. The study makes the key contribution of identifying how source awareness impacts the reception of AI-generated content in a sensitive domain. To address the potential for AI aversion within help-seeking, our findings suggest the importance of developing hybrid human–AI support models that combine the efficiency of AI with the relational legitimacy of human professionals, improving both the acceptance and impact of digital mental health support.
Problematic Mobile Media Use as a Family Issue: A Latent Profile Analysis in Parent-Child Dyads
Nele Janssens, Sarah Coyne, Kathleen Beullens
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Current research primarily addresses children’s problematic mobile media use (PMMU) and its negative outcomes, leaving a gap in our understanding of how parents’ PMMU might contribute to a problematic media culture within the home. The study aimed to (a) identify family profiles based on PMMU by the child and parent simultaneously through latent profile analysis and examine their associations with (b) sociodemographic factors and (c) key indicators of family well-being, specifically child self-esteem, parental self-efficacy and parent-child conflict. Using a sample of 410 parent-child dyads, primarily mother-daughter pairs (42.4%), with preadolescent children (8-14 years; Mage = 11.5), we identified four profiles based on cross-sectional dyadic survey data; Families with high child PMMU (46.6%), families with low child PMMU (16.1%), media-balanced families (33.2%) and media-immersed families (4.2%). Results showed notable sociodemographic variations, including a higher prevalence of only-child families in the media-immersed group, and revealed that families with high child PMMU and media-immersed family profiles were linked to lower personal and relational well-being within the family. These findings emphasize the importance of family-centered approaches to PMMU prevention and intervention.

Digital Journalism

Infrastructures of Media Freedom: Expanding Journalism’s Ethical Horizon
Natali Helberger
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Games and Culture

Teaching Game Development at Universities: A Systematic Literature Review of Educational Practices for Multidisciplinary Industrial Demands
Fabian Gunnars, Adam Palmquist
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Teaching game development may come at odds with long-standing university structures due to industrial and cross- and multidisciplinary art-design-engineering aspects. This systematic literature review outlines standard practices for teaching game development in higher education. It shows two decades of increasing demand for established methods, with research that does not primarily focus on student motivation and engagement remaining sparse; out of 1076 records screened, 108 publications were included. Findings strongly indicate that project-based learning (PBL) structures with student groups creating game prototypes are effective. Many publications provide rich analysis of shorter courses or interventions. However, well-documented shortcomings in individual assessment and support in PBL structures are rarely addressed. Recommendations for higher education practice include curriculum restructuring with longer educational timeframes, clear progression paths, and robust measurement frameworks to address common challenges to student collaborative dynamics and enable missing fundamental skill development in computational thinking and theory-driven artistic approaches.
Press [A] to Read This: A Mixed Methods Study of Characterised Versus Direct Instructions in The Legend of Zelda Videogame Series
Dominic Thompson, Frazer Heritage
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Research in ludolinguistics (language and gaming) often does not engage with how players respond to the language within videogames. This study explores prominent phraseology within a corpus of c.650,000 words collected from 11 Legend of Zelda games and how players respond to this. We discover that instructions (which enable developers to communicate gameplay mechanics) tend to use similar lexical bundles. We identify that these instructions are either direct or characterized . These lexical bundles are then used as the basis for materials in a questionnaire containing closed and open-ended questions. We first quantitatively explore participants’ (N = 49) preferences for different types of instruction, then qualitatively investigate their perceptions via open-ended responses. Our findings suggest a mix of overall preferences, but that each type of instruction is preferred in particular contexts. We conclude with a discussion of the findings and implications for game design.
Beyond the Industry. A Bordieuan Cartography of the Video Game Field
Juan Francisco Torres-DĂ­az, Joel Feliu, Adriana Gil-JuĂĄrez
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Pierre Bourdieu's sociological framework has become foundational in Game Studies, underpinning fundamental concepts like Mia Consalvo's gaming capital, Graeme Kirkpatrick's gamer habitus, and Brendan Keogh's video game production field. This article synthesizes research deploying Bourdieu's triad—field, capital, and habitus—to construct a cartography of the video game field. Our theoretical-methodological intervention offers: 1) the exploration of new zones beyond the video game industry; 2) the description of the various types of capital(s) valued in these spaces; and 3) the analysis of the most common habitus deployed within them. Following Deleuze and Guattari's cartographic approach, we frame this not as prescriptive theory but as a navigational tool for mapping fluid territories of practice. The model's boundaries are consciously delimited by both historical temporality and Bourdieusian theory's operational scope.

Howard Journal of Communications

Black Fathers Portrayals and Characterizations of Black Fatherhood in Television Commercials: A Descriptive Study
Janice Kelly, Jeffrey Shears, David Miller
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Information Technology & People

Workers' perception of gig platform governance: scale development and validation
Richa Awasthy, Sanjana Singh, Anshu Gupta
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Purpose Gig platforms are progressively accepted as the potential catalyst for redefining the employment landscape. Studies call for exploring how well the platforms govern and connect users to create value. The literature explores platform governance through diverse facets; however, it lacks a comprehensive measurement tool to study the attributes of the Gig Platform Governance (GPG) and the workforce perception. This research aims to develop and validate a scale that measures workers' perception of the web-based GPG. Design/methodology/approach This study follows a robust scale development process – construct conceptualisation, item generation, content validity, factor exploration and confirmation using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and nomological testing. Data collected in phases across multiple gig platforms (total n = 1,432, comprising 9 samples) were used for scale validation. Scale testing and validation were conducted on IBM SPSS and SmartPLS 4.1. Findings Twenty-two items subsumed in 4 dimensions – (1) platform strategies and policies, (2) technical architecture standards, (3) participation and community building and (4) the platform ecosystem – represent the higher-order GPG scale. Subsequent analysis revealed that workers' perception of GPG positively influences the attributes of dignity. Results demonstrate the suitability of the proposed scale in measuring workers' perception of GPG with good reliability and validity. Originality/value This study contributes a novel scale for measuring workers' perception of GPG. The scale captures structural, technological, participatory and ecosystem regulation perspectives of GPG. The scale can be used as a valuable tool by research scholars, practitioners and policy makers for advancing theoretical knowledge and applications in the domain of the gig platform landscape.
Programmes as decision premises in AI-mediated organisations: a social systems theory perspective
Dinesh Kumar, Nidhi Suthar
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Purpose Research on artificial intelligence (AI) in organisations has largely focused on ethical risks and decision outcomes. Here, AI denotes organisationally embedded predictive, recommendation and generative systems that supply decision-relevant outputs within workflows. This paper shifts attention to the less visible but more consequential structures that condition organisational decision-making: programmes. The paper examines how AI reconfigures programmes as decision premises in organisations by drawing on social systems theory. Design/methodology/approach The paper develops a conceptual analysis grounded in Niklas Luhmann's theory of social systems. It revisits the concept of programmes as conditional decision premises and traces how these structures are operationalised through AI-mediated technologies. Findings The analysis suggests that AI does not replace organisational decision-making. It reorganises the decision premises that make selections defensible in communication. AI can translate conditional programmes into executable code and adaptive models. This translation can intensify programmatic control, and it can also reallocate observability. Outputs and performance indicators may become more visible, and decision premises may become less visible. They often sit in training pipelines, model architectures and threshold settings. These premises can be harder to render communicable and contestable (Burrell, 2016; Pasquale, 2015). Inclusion and exclusion then appear less as design failures and more as systemic effects of how relevance criteria are stabilised in organisational programmes (Introna, 2016; Noble, 2018). Originality/value The paper contributes to IS research by reintroducing programmes as a central analytical concept for understanding AI-mediated organisations. It offers a theoretical vocabulary that connects digital infrastructures to classical questions of organisational inclusion and control. It extends current debates on algorithmic governance beyond outcome-focused perspectives. It also extends Luhmannian programme theory, and specifies how AI turns decision premises into versioned and updateable artefacts. These artefacts reshape organisational memory over time and also reshape the communicability of justification.
Understanding GAI user addiction from an I-PACE perspective
Zhongyang Xu, Zhiqian Meng, Lei Pei
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Purpose This study examines generative artificial intelligence addiction (GAIA) among generative artificial intelligence (GAI) users to understand its causes, improve user experience and promote GAI sustainability. Design/methodology/approach Using the interaction of person–affect–cognition–execution (I-PACE) model, 563 valid responses were analyzed employing structural equation modeling (SEM) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). Findings SEM results revealed that technophilia (TE), perceived task-technology fit (PT) and perceived inspiration (PI) enhance flow experience (FE), whereas TE, social isolation (SI), PT and PI lead to uncontrolled use of GAI (UUG). FE functions as a critical mediator for UUG, and both FE and UUG significantly contribute to GAIA. Additionally, fsQCA identified five configurational pathways to GAIA, highlighting its multifaceted nature. Originality/value This study represents one of the first attempts to apply I-PACE model to the GAIA phenomenon, thereby advancing the theoretical understanding of behavioral addiction among GAI users. By integrating SEM and fsQCA, this research highlights the pivotal role of UUG in GAIA development. To promote the responsible and sustainable growth of GAI, this study provides novel insights along with four actionable managerial recommendations.

Information, Communication & Society

Social media platforms and the spreading of hate speech targeting sexual and gender minorities: a scoping review
Anne Clausen, Lena Frischlich, Peter Mayer
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Navigating intersectional expectations: a computational multimodal analysis of the effects of identities and communication styles on public engagement with science on TikTok
Yuhan Li, Hang Lu, Chao Yu
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How civil society coalition-building affects information integrity during elections: evidence from four African countries
Dani Madrid-Morales, Herman Wasserman, Nicola Davies-Laubscher, Fatoumata Sow
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Protest movements and the mainstreaming of radical and extremist ideologies: the case of COVID-19 protests
Sophia Rothut, Heidi Schulze, Diana Rieger, Maximilian Lechner, Brigitte Naderer
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Regulation by users – the crowdsourced adjudication entities and emerging regulabour on Douyin
Yuanbo Qiu, Yunjuan Luo
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Online interactions and the gravity model
Constantin BĂŒrgi, Zuzanna Studnicka
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Modular messaging and multimodal influence amidst democratic fragility in Greece: unpacking New Democracy’s party–funded media network
Georgios Samaras
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Wrap your head around it: algorithmic self-making and performances of taste on Spotify Wrapped
Vanessa Valiati, Ludmila Lupinacci, Felipe Bonow Soares
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Digital resistance and gendered dispossession: Palestinian women’s struggles for inheritance justice
Bilal Hamamra, Ekrema Shehab
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Platforms, journalism and the amplification of terror: an ecological account
James P. Walsh
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Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media

From Courtside to Console: How NBA Superfans Extend Their Identities Through MyPlayer in NBA 2K
Youjeong Kim
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Entertaining or Mis/Disinforming? Social Data Analysis of Audience Reception of Historical Accuracy and Creative License in the Netflix Series ‘ Queen Cleopatra ’ on YouTube. A Case Study
Omnya Abdelwahab
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Journal of Information Technology & Politics

Book review: technocolonialism: when technology for good is harmful
Yijun Yao, Yifei Zhao
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Media disinformation in the Russia-Ukraine conflict: A corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis
Alessia D’Andrea, Arianna D’Ulizia, Marco Pirrone, Giorgia Fusacchia
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What is digital democracy?
Christian Fuchs
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Journal of Language and Social Psychology

Splitting Evaluative Association Measures Reveals How Sociolinguistic Context Shapes Implicit Attitudes Towards Regional and Minority Languages
Marco Tamburelli, Florian Breit, Ianto Gruffydd, Lissander Brasca, Guillaume Thierry
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We present three studies examining evaluative associations as manifestations of implicit attitudes towards languages in three sociolinguistically distinct bilingual communities: Lombard–Italian, Moselle Franconian–German, and Welsh–English. Using a Go/No-Go Association Task (GNAT) that controls for spurious priming effects and subsequently allows split analyses, study 1 evidenced strongly negative attitudes towards Lombard across measures. Study 2 uncovered a similar trend towards Moselle Franconian, but only in response to pictures following words that required a Go response, not for pictures that followed non-target words. In study 3, although the GNAT failed to detect any significant associations, split analysis revealed that participants responded faster to positive pictures following non-target English words. Therefore, by splitting data according to the Go/NoGo status of the attitude object, we can achieve finer characterizations of implicit attitudes, while highlighting the prominent role of sociolinguistic context in modulating activation of each language in regional/minority language communities.

Journal of Social and Personal Relationships

Relational Savoring as an Approach to Improve Marital Relationship Outcomes: A Pilot Study Among Iranian Wives
Zahra Sadeghi Dehnavi, Zabihollah Kaveh Farsani, Jessica L. Borelli
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Marital relationship quality is a strong predictor of overall health, making it a critical target for prevention and intervention efforts. In Iran, rapid cultural shifts have reshaped marital dynamics, highlighting the need for accessible psychological support. Relational Savoring (RS), a brief attachment-based program, aims to strengthen relationship quality by guiding individuals to re-experience moments of positive connectedness. The present study is the first to evaluate a 4-week, group-based RS program in Iran among 96 female spouses, testing its effects on affective (positive emotion, relationship closeness) and cognitive (relationship satisfaction) domains at post-treatment and three-month follow-up, compared to a no-treatment control. The study also tested an exploratory research question regarding whether sharing savored memories with one’s partner between sessions had a differential impact relative to the traditional relational savoring protocol, which does not prescribe sharing. Results showed that the RS-Combined condition (pooling both savoring conditions) produced greater improvements across all outcomes at post-treatment with small effect sizes (marginal R 2 = 0.02–0.05), although these effects were not sustained at the three-month follow-up. Comparisons between the two savoring conditions (RS-No Share versus RS-Share) revealed mixed patterns: sharing was linked with stronger gains in positive emotion at post-treatment, whereas not sharing was associated with greater improvements in relationship closeness and satisfaction at post-treatment. We interpret these findings to suggest preliminary promise for RS, particularly RS-No Share, in improving short-term outcomes for Iranian wives. Future work should examine ways of prolonging the effects observed in this study.
Exploring the Association Between Rejection Sensitivity and Reactive Aggression: A Multi-Method Research
Xiaoli Du, Yi Liu, Cody Ding, Lijie Zhang, Guangcan Xiang, Linchuan Yang
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This multi-method study examines the relationship between rejection sensitivity and reactive aggression, extending prior research from intimate relationships to broader interpersonal contexts. Across three studies, Study 1 ( n = 1,104) used a cross-sectional dataset with both variable-centered (correlation) and person-centered (latent profile analysis, LPA) approaches to identify overall associations and high-risk subgroups. Study 2 ( n = 139) employed a daily diary method to assess reactive aggression in everyday life, testing the ecological validity of the link. Study 3 ( n = 134) used a quasi-experimental design with the Competitive Reaction Time Task (CRTT) to provide preliminary evidence on the directionality of the relationship in a laboratory setting. Study 1 revealed a significant positive association, and the LPA identified a subgroup with high rejection sensitivity exhibiting elevated aggression. Studies 2 and 3 confirmed these findings in real-world and controlled contexts, respectively. Together, the results provide robust, multi-method evidence that rejection sensitivity is linked to reactive aggression across diverse interpersonal situations, offering new theoretical and empirical insights to inform interventions aimed at reducing aggression associated with rejection sensitivity.
Beyond the Individual: A 25-year Systematic Review of the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model in Longitudinal Dyadic Research Across Disciplines and Contexts
Fereshteh Mohammadzadeh Yazd, Hui Foh Foong, Rahimah Ibrahim, Puvaneswaran Kunasekaran
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The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) has become a foundational framework for analyzing dyadic data, but systematic reviews synthesizing how longitudinal APIM has been applied across disciplines and populations are limited. This systematic review examined 73 longitudinal APIM studies published between 2008 and 2025, analyzing methodological practices, analytical strategies, and population diversity. Studies were included if they used APIM as the primary framework, reported both actor and partner effects, included a minimum of 70 dyads, and employed longitudinal designs exceeding one year. Data were extracted on study characteristics, sample demographics, APIM variants, statistical approaches, and methodological transparency indicators. Results revealed a fivefold increase in publications after 2016, with applications spanning psychology (37.0%), family science (31.5%), and gerontology (12.3%). However, substantial gaps emerged in three areas. First, geographic and population concentration was evident: 58.9% of studies originated from North America, 86.3% examined couple dyads, and 75.3% utilized secondary data from established panels. Second, methodological transparency showed inconsistency: only 17.8% reported power analyses, 24.7% did not report missing data strategies, and 35.6% failed to document model constraints. Third, universal self-report reliance with minimal multi-method assessment (16.4%) limits distinguishing genuine interpersonal influence from shared method variance. Despite these gaps, nearly all studies were hypothesis-driven, typically articulating a priori expectations regarding actor and partner pathways, and researchers increasingly acknowledged limitations regarding power (37.0%) and self-report reliance (65.8%). Future advances require integrating a priori power analysis using dyadic-specific tools, employing multi-method designs, diversifying populations beyond Western heterosexual couples, and enhancing reporting transparency through preregistration and comprehensive model specification.
Romantic, Friendship, and Close Relationship Self-Efficacy in Emerging Adulthood: Differences and Similarities
Alannah Shelby Rivers, Anitta Biju, Rachel Morrison, Ashley Ates, Gracie Graham
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For emerging adults, developing and maintaining close relationships is an important developmental task relevant for well-being. Therefore, it is important to understand and assess relationship self-efficacy (RSE), reflecting one’s confidence in maintaining and managing close relationships. Most previous research on RSE has focused on romantic relationships, but developing work suggests similar processes may occur in friendships and other types of relationships, a key conceptual question. This study randomly assigned 654 US emerging adults to complete measures of RSE for either romantic relationships, friendships, or close relationships (generally), and examined associations with other key correlates (general and social self-efficacy, self-esteem, relationship satisfaction). With minor modifications, measurement invariance testing supported partial invariance up to the scalar level, suggesting items had similar meanings across contexts. Correlations with self and relational constructs were similar across RSE types with minor exceptions. Further research is needed to understand how RSE develops and relationships between different types of RSE.
From Bias to Brevity: Balancing Coder Bias and Team Size in Thin-Slice and Full-Length Observations of Couple Interactions
Emre Selcuk, Onur Varol, Gul Gunaydin, Zeynep Deniz Ozden, Turan Deniz Ergun
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Behavioral observation offers a powerful approach for relationship science but is constrained by coder bias and resource demands. Using a widely employed couple conflict discussion paradigm, we illustrate how these challenges can be addressed. First, we show that thin-slice coding, a method commonly used in zero-acquaintance research, can effectively substitute for full-length observations in already formed relationships. Thin-slice ratings of partner responsiveness mirrored full-length ratings, correlated with partners’ self-perceptions, and predicted changes in relationship satisfaction over time. Next, combining theory on interpersonal perception and an optimization approach in computer science, we estimated the optimal coding team size. Small teams (e.g., two coders) introduced bias and attenuated associations, but these issues were largely mitigated with five full-slice or eight thin-slice coders. Together, these findings establish thin-slice coding as a valid approach for studying close relationships and offer practical benchmarks for balancing coder bias and team size in observational relationship science.

Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly

Voto Latinx: Nativist Attitudes, Hispanic Identity, and the Influence of Hyper-Conservative Media
Melissa Santillana, Joseph Michael Stepniewski, Zhi Lin, Thomas J. Johnson, Daniel Barth
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In the 2024 U.S. presidential election, Donald Trump captured a substantial share of the Latinx vote, renewing debates about identity, media effects, and political behavior. This study examines how nativist attitudes and hyper-conservative media consumption shape support for Trump, with particular attention to racial and national identity. Using a moderated mediation model, we find that nativism and hyper-conservative media consumption both increase support for Trump. Racial/ethnic identity buffers these media effects among non-Latinx respondents but intensifies them among Latinx individuals with high identity salience. These findings complicate assumptions about the role of ethnic or racialized identities in polarized media environments.
Measuring Balance and Bias in Sports Journalism: Analysis of Fair and Consistent Australian Rules Football Reporting
Victoria Fielding, Matt Hart
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Sport reporters strive for objectivity to legitimize their work, yet acknowledge their subjectivity in creating entertaining narratives. This objectivity–subjectivity tension has importance consequences for sports journalism, and in turn sporting organizations’ cultural and commercial success. This study examines Australian Rules Football reporting about home-team rivals Adelaide and Port Adelaide by South Australia’s only major newspaper, The Advertiser . We identify bias toward Adelaide across three levels of analysis and argue this bias is caused by commercial and ideological subjectivity. These findings are discussed in relation to the broader implications of structural bias in journalism and its political, economic, and societal consequences.
Unique Personalities in the Limelight? A Cross-National Analysis of Politicians’ Personality and Media Visibility during Elections
Alon Zoizner, Alessandro Nai, JĂŒrgen Maier
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News visibility is central to political success, shaping how citizens evaluate political actors. While previous research emphasizes institutional power as the main driver of media coverage, less is known about how elite personalities influence visibility across countries. This study combines personality profiles (Big Five and Dark Core) and media appearances of 159 candidates in 85 national elections across 52 countries (2016–2022). Stable politicians receive greater visibility overall, whereas dark traits—particularly narcissism and Machiavellianism—increase coverage in media systems emphasizing personalization and negativity. These findings reveal how media logic amplifies manipulative and antagonistic leaders, often linked to democratic backsliding.

Journalism Studies

The Promise and Risks of a Constructive Turn: A Response to “Constructive Research: Making Journalism Research Matter”
Claire Wardle
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Broadening the Lens for Journalism Research: A Response to Constructive Research
Andrea D. Wenzel
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Show Them the Money: The Case for Capital Transparency in Journalism
Jacob L. Nelson, Seth C. Lewis
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Mass Communication and Society

Turning off Populism? Applying the Theory of Motivated Information Management on Political Information Avoidance
Nico Spreen, Elena Link
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Media and Communication

Experimentation on TikTok, Standardisation on Reels? Party Short-Form Video Use in the 2024 UK General Election
Rosalynd Southern, Niamh Cashell, Liam McLoughlin, Ploykamol Suwantawit
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Campaign practices evolve alongside technological change. We examine one of the most salient current developments: the rise of short-form video on platforms such as TikTok and Instagram Reels—often termed the “TikTokification” of election campaigns (Gerbaudo, 2024). The adoption of short-form video may signal the arrival of Römmele and Gibson’s (2020) “subversive” fourth era of campaigning, characterised by emotion, disruption, spontaneity, and the mimicry of authenticity. Here, we examine how the five main UK parties used short-form content during the 2024 UK General Election through a manual content analysis of all TikToks and Instagram Reels posted during the campaign period (<em>N</em> = 887). We find evidence of extensive but uneven adoption of short-form video across parties, with TikTok generating substantially higher reach and engagement than Instagram Reels. Whereas Reels were largely used to repurpose traditional campaign material, TikTok served as a site of experimentation, with parties more frequently deploying humour, memes, and in-app music. Leader-centred communication remained dominant overall, but traditional campaign functions were more pronounced on Reels than on TikTok. Thus, results suggest a compressed cycle of experimentation and standardisation. Furthermore, TikTokification occurred mainly on TikTok itself rather than diffusing across short-form platforms.

Media Psychology

Configurations of Screen Use–Related Parenting Behaviors Among Chinese Parent Dyads of Preschool Children: Antecedents and Consequences
Ming-Chen Zhang, Nan Zhou, Hongjian Cao, Limin Zhang
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Mobile Media & Communication

Older adults and mobile AI: Perceptions, practices, and predictions
Caitlin McGrane, Larissa Hjorth
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Older adults – meaning people over the age of 65 – are the first generation to grow old in a digital data-saturated world and represent a diverse range of digital literacies. Some have a long history of mobile media adoption, interest, and play, while others are less digitally familiar or literate. When it comes to older adults and artificial intelligence (AI), research has explored how the health and wellbeing of older adults can be optimized and improved through mobile AI. At the same time, the World Health Organization has warned of the risks of ageism in developing AI-based technologies that rely on ageist assumptions about the role of technology in the lives of older adults. Researchers, policymakers, and technology developers must work collaboratively and ethically with older people to build or adapt AI technologies that meet their needs while being cognizant of concerns and risks. To that end, there is little empirical evidence of older adults’ quotidian practices with mobile AI, their attitudes toward it, and what they think the future of mobile AI might hold. In this commentary paper, which draws on ethnographic and creative methods data from a larger study, we argue that the heterogeneous perspectives, perceptions, and practices of older adults must be included in the design, policy, and regulation of mobile AI.
Disability, voice, and mobile AI
Kuansong Victor Zhuang, Gerard Goggin
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In this paper, we examine the developments at the crossroads of mobile phones and AI––mobile AI––by highlighting and considering their implications for the significant, cross-cutting, and highly intersectional area of disability. As we shall discuss, disability is remarkably prominent in how mobile AI is imagined and deployed. Several kinds of mobile AI explicitly claim to provide innovations that will improve the lives of disabled people. Such claims regarding disability have been associated with the arc of mobile media and communication since the first-generation cellular mobile phones (and telecommunications before that), as well as with the most recent phase of AI fervor fueled by generative AI. While there is some emerging work in relation to disability and AI, as yet, there is little critical discussion of disability in relation to mobile AI. Against this backdrop, we are keen to spotlight disability on the mobile AI research agenda. To do so, we discuss the implementation of an AI voice assistant by Grab. Grab is a superapp operating across Southeast Asian nation-states that has already made its mark on mobile communication and everyday life through a range of offerings. Targeted at disabled people, we analyze how Grab’s AI Voice Assistant functions and discuss its implications for inclusion and the future of mobile media and communications.

New Media & Society

Witnessing carnage: Self-documented terrorism and the moral challenges of decentralized digital platforms
Tal Morse, Doron Altaratz
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On October 7, 2023, Hamas launched a coordinated attack on Israel, documenting atrocities through wearable cameras and disseminating footage on platforms like Telegram. This article investigates how these self-documented acts exemplify the erosion of traditional distinctions between perpetrators and mediators of representations of violence. Using point-of-view (POV) aesthetics and leveraging decentralized digital platforms, Hamas transformed violence into a mediated spectacle, dehumanizing victims and gamifying terrorism. The study critically unpacks these strategies, highlighting their role in bypassing journalistic filters to spread fear and achieve ideological objectives. The article further examines the ethical and societal challenges posed by this new ecology of media, where platforms act as sites of violence, and witnessing becomes intertwined with participation. By analyzing the events of October 7, this work contributes to understanding the complexities of mediated violence, exploring how end-users recontextualize and circulate graphic content, shaping new forms of media witnessing and engagement with political violence.
The violence of online conspiracy theories
Line Nybro Petersen, Mikkel BĂŠkby Johansen
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This article investigates the relationship between online conspiracy theory communities and platformed violence through a case study of a conspiratorial harassment campaign against a Danish children’s TV show, Uncle Shrimp (DR, 2012–), and its main actor. Based on theories of violent extremism, conspiracism, and the participatory practices in online spaces of hybridized extremism, we aim to understand how the QAnon-adjacent Uncle Shrimp conspiracy theory is appropriated to fit a Danish context. We analyze 370 user comments and six posts from Facebook ( N = 376), drawing on Berger’s four steps of group extremism: crisis narratives, in-group negotiations, out-group threats, and (violent) solutions. We found that users engage in conspiracy theory worldbuilding through a range of participatory practices and that the harassment campaign against the Uncle Shrimp actor emerged from the community shaped by mutual appreciation and forensic play alongside expressions of hate and platformed violence.
Gender bias in text-to-image generative artificial intelligence: Neglect and stereotypical presentations across three popular platforms
Hannah Weinmann, Tanja V Messingschlager, Markus Appel
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Images generated by artificial intelligence (AI) were assumed to underrepresent women and to contain stereotypical portrayals. A total of 1344 images were generated at two times of measurement by DALL·E, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion and were analyzed via a preregistered content analysis. Results revealed representational and presentational bias, varying between prompts and between AI platforms. Women were depicted less frequently than men in images generated with the prompt “competent person,” whereas women were generated more often with a neutral prompt (i.e. “person”) or with the prompt “warm person.” Regarding stereotypical presentations, images representing women (vs men) showed lower facial prominence (face-ism), higher intensity smiles, and more pronounced lateral head tilts (head canting). These biases varied significantly between AI platforms. The findings suggest that gender stereotypes are spread by generative AI systems and highlight the need for interventions in the development and deployment of image-generating AI.
Contextual governance & androcentric hegemony on Twitch.tv
Brandon C. Harris, Christine H. Tran, Christopher J. Persaud
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Twitch’s Terms of Service (ToS) and Community Guidelines (CG) policies forbid discriminatory behavior and harassment, but many streamers from marginalized communities have been victimized while their harassers go unpunished. These inconsistencies in how safety violations are managed prompted the author(s) to perform a two-stage analysis of Twitch’s platform governance strategies to understand the relationship between platform governance and androcentric hegemony. The first stage included an inductive thematic analysis of ToS and CG documents, leading to the second analysis of two case studies that specify inconsistencies in policy enforcement dependent on opaque contextual exceptions. Ultimately, the authors provide evidence of contextual exceptions for safety, edgy humor, attire, and nudity which demonstrate how Twitch’s inconsistent governance reifies androcentric hegemony that benefits all men, rather than geek masculinity that largely prioritizes white men.
“Doing gender”: A digital ethnography of image-based abuse perpetration
Nicola Henry, Courtney Vowles, Gemma Beard
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Image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) refers to the non-consensual taking, creating, or sharing of intimate images, as well as threats to share intimate images. While considerable research has examined the nature, scope, and impacts of IBSA, comparatively little is known about perpetration. Drawing on a digital ethnography of 47 different websites, this article explores how users “do gender” through the online sharing of non-consensual intimate images. Using thematic analysis, we examine interactional dynamics that produce, reinforce, or reinvent gender norms within online digital spaces. We argue that IBSA is a homosocial practice that is embedded in ritualistic objectification and othering. These relational gender practices not only bestow social capital and sustain group cohesion, but they also normalize intimate image abuse and foster the emergence of other forms of gendered violence. This study highlights the need for more nuanced accounts of IBSA perpetration that attend to the social interactions among online users.
Mapping the relationship between journalistic discourse, tech industry layoffs, and artificial intelligence
Anne Herfurth, Jessica Maddox
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The tech industry’s 2023–2024 mass layoffs represented a critical moment in which an infallible industry seemed to suddenly lay bare its weak spots. Historically, Big Tech and the American press have had a complementary relationship, journalism often reinforcing an industry long viewed as too big to fail. Through textual analysis of long-form coverage of the tech layoff crisis, we identify three themes. First, even amid layoffs, Big Tech is presented as too complex and important to regulate, with layoffs framed as necessary for long-term health—and as justification for subsequent layoffs by other firms. Second, AI is presented as both a positive and a negative factor in layoffs, yet remains largely unchallenged. Finally, coverage paid minimal attention to disproportionate impacts on women and racial minorities, upholding gender and racial imbalances in Big Tech. Taken together, the press did not simply explain layoffs—it acted as an active stakeholder.
Affordance folklore: Truth, community and visibility during Sri Lanka’s Internet shutdowns
Craig Ryder
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To governments worldwide, Internet shutdowns are the trip-switch solution to civic unrest, and they occur with surprising regularity. In Sri Lanka, Internet shutdowns have been tactically deployed to geo-specific regions and specific platforms on three occasions during episodes of extraordinary violence and resistance. The concept of ‘algorithmic folklore’ has been used to describe the speculative ideas and tactics that users of digital technology exhibit in order to make sense of their relationship with opaque computational systems. Using this conceptual approach, I consider the modes through which Sri Lankans experience Internet shutdowns and offer the novel term ‘affordance folklore’ to illustrate the discursive constructions and practical strategies that help people make sense of complex sociotechnical events, such as Internet shutdowns. The article examines three core practices of affordance folklore relating to truth, community, and visibility that emerge to theorise the intrinsic values of social media.
Normative dislocation: When platforms moderate without memory
Emillie de Keulenaar, Marcelo Alves dos Santos
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This article introduces the concept of normative dislocation to explain how platform moderation during Brazil’s 2022 presidential elections failed to account for local histories of political violence. Drawing on a digital methods analysis of militaristic discourse across Telegram, YouTube, X, Facebook, Instagram, and Gettr, we show how moderation standards—rooted in US electoral experiences—prioritized electoral “misinformation” over calls for a military coup. As these circulated, especially on Telegram, platforms operated outside local moderation frameworks developed through processes of reconciliation, dialogue, and democratic reconstruction. In doing so, they risked dislodging institutional processes by reigniting historical conflicts without adequate measures for public dialogue. We conclude by proposing moderation models that integrate various forms of consensus-building and locally embedded understandings of historical violence
Going negative across platforms and time: Assessing the supply and demand of negative campaigning
Anders Olof Larsson
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This study investigates dynamics of negative campaigning by Norwegian political parties on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter from 2013 to 2024. Analysing 89,791 posts from nine major parties, it uses a novel content analysis approach combining Large Language Models (LLMs) and human annotation to categorize posts as negative, positive or neutral. The findings show an overall rise in negative campaigning across platforms, with significant changes following leadership shifts in the right-wing populist Progress Party (PP). The study examines engagement levels, measured by likes, for different content types. Initially, negative content attracted more engagement on Facebook. This trend, however, decreased over time, while Instagram saw increased engagement with negative content during later years. Twitter users appeared to have rather consistently favoured negative content, reflecting its reputation for incivility. The article enhances understanding of political communication strategies in a high-choice media environment, emphasizing the need to tailor campaign strategies to platform-specific user dynamics.
Memeing the moniker: The stickiness of gang myths in Swedish news legacy media and TikTok
Moa Eriksson Krutrök, Jeffrey Mitchell
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With the rise of explosive violence in urban Sweden, gang-related crime has become a dominant theme in Swedish media and political discourse. As individual members of prominent criminal networks gain increasing media attention, the construction of the gang myth—how gangs and their members are represented, circulated, and re-imagined—becomes a crucial area of inquiry. This article investigates the ways in which crime content moves through the hybrid news cycle, shaping public perceptions of gangs and their leaders. Using topic modeling of news articles (n = 521) and multimodal critical discourse analysis of TikTok posts (n = 73) referencing one of the most well-known gang leader in contemporary Sweden, the Kurdish Fox, we examine how myth-building operates across different media contexts. Our findings reveal a stark contrast in narrative strategies: while news media frame gangs through urgency, fear, and political crisis, TikTok users engage in playful, dissident humor—employing memes, emojis, and remix culture to subvert dominant crime discourses.
Seeing into the air: Media practices of blind vloggers and the visual paradox of mediated visibility
Sijing Song
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Although discussions of visibility often presuppose that it transcends the visual dimension, within short-video platforms, the realization of visibility is in fact highly dependent on a visually dominant communication environment. Through in-depth interviews with Douyin blind vloggers, this study reveals three layers of invisibility they encounter: operational, presentational, and algorithmic. To share their unique sensory experiences, blind vloggers have to adapt to the ocularcentric structure of the platform through strategies such as repetition, imitation, and compensation, reflecting the ableist pre-assumptions in today’s digital media landscape. Drawing from this “visibility paradox,” the study proposes a perceptual model of mediated visibility for future theoretical analysis and practical applications.
Just a meme? The role of context in mythologies of memetic misogyny
Suay Melisa Özkula, Patricia Prieto-Blanco
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This article provides a multiplatform systematic analysis of contextual factors in what we term memetic misogyny , a form of implicit, polysemous and ephemeral visual gender-based hate. We draw on a feminist ethnographic approach with a semiotic analysis applied across three case studies of meme-based misogyny (Greta Thunberg, Karens and anti-feminist memes related to protest # SisterIDoBelieveYou ) on Twitter/X, Facebook, Reddit and YouTube to argue that memetic misogyny is created, maintained and co-shaped by (1) misogynistic contents (depictions, aesthetics and narrative framing), (2) platform affordances (real and imagined) – above all meme affordances and (3) the hegemonic discourses of the cultural communities where these are distributed. In combination, these three create what we call mythologies of memetic misogyny , that is, gendered socio-cultural and socio-political narratives that present misogynistic ideas as if they were natural, universal and timeless gendered truths, often going unnoticed because of the volatile, polysemous and polycontextual nature of memes.
Race, ethnicity, and technology-facilitated violence: The experience of activists in ChocĂł, Colombia
Miyerlandy Cabanzo Valencia, Laura Gianna Guntrum
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Racism extends into the digital realm, manifesting in various forms of technology-facilitated violence (TFV). Although much research centers on the Global North, it is essential to investigate this issue in other settings, such as Colombia, where activists are particularly vulnerable to TFV. This study enriches the debate with a qualitative approach, conducting 18 interviews with activists from ChocĂł and BogotĂĄ. The literature on race and TFV reveals that technology can exacerbate racism through social media, like anonymity, and introduce new forms of racist violence, including deepfakes and algorithmic bias. However, these forms were not prevalent in our interviews. For activists, structural racism, especially limited Internet, and electricity access emerged as a primary factor in their experiences with racist TFV. Overt TFV escalates to offline threats, silencing dissenting voices. This research emphasizes the need to understand TFV within non-Western regions, advocating for nuanced approaches to addressing digital racism in diverse contexts.
(De)constructing research ‘expertise’ in transnational participatory warfare
Peter Chonka
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Focusing on a case study of offline and online violence in Somalia/Somaliland and the disputed city of Las Anod, this article presents an (auto)netnographic analysis of transnational digital hostility and participatory warfare. It argues that academic ‘expertise’ is an under-theorised but significant aspect of complex conflict dynamics as they play out on social media. The affordances of digital platforms can compel researchers to engage in new ways with conflicts, further blurring long-contested boundaries between scholarship and activism. In the article’s reflexive case study, debates about ‘expertise’ have a racialised aspect linked to historical inequalities in knowledge production in/on the Horn of Africa. These legacies intersect with newer dynamics of social media mis/disinformation, adding another layer of contextual complexity to online and offline participation in armed conflict that can both challenge and reinforce power imbalances in the politics of expertise.

Nordicom Review

Book review: Controversial Encounters in the Age of Algorithms: How Digital Technologies Are Stifling Public Debate and What to Do About It
Mohamed Amine Malmouze
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Science Communication

Video Production Attributes as Tactics for Communicating Science on Social Media
Michael A. Cacciatore, Sara K. Yeo
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The present study empirically tests video production tactics for TikTok- and Instagram-like videos that can be employed to achieve specific, short-term communication objectives. Using the Strategic (Science) Communication as Planned Behavior (SCPB) model as a framework, a between-subjects experiment varies the race/ethnicity of the speaker, the tone of the video, and the inclusion of references to pop culture to examine how these tactics are related to curiosity, enjoyment, and motivations to follow similar content online. We use a representative sample of U.S. adults with oversampling of underrepresented STEM groups. Findings and implications are discussed.
When Leaders Are Hard to Find: Reimagining Opinion Leaders in Sparse Communication Networks
Marissa W. Kopp, Shannon M. Cruz, Ryan Olson
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Diffusion of innovations theory proposes that opinion leaders can enhance the success of science communication campaigns. Such strategies hinge on an assumption that target communities include well-connected and trusted members who need only be identified and recruited. However, sparse or difficult to engage communication networks may not meet this assumption, making opinion leader-based interventions ineffective or impossible. This project reviews two studies involving rural populations where attempts to identify opinion leaders failed. We leverage these examples to highlight barriers to community-based campaigns, theoretical implications for diffusion scholarship, and suggested strategies for communication scholars and practitioners encountering sparse or fragmented networks.
Pausing for Reflection: How Design Friction Shapes Environmentally Responsible Artificial Intelligence Use and Trust
Cheng Chen, Cassandra Troy, Maggie Mengqing Zhang
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The rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) has significant environmental impacts that are rarely communicated. This study leverages the concept of design friction to communicate AI’s environmental costs during user interaction with a system, and examines its effects on trust, perceived trust calibration, and responsible AI use. In an experiment ( N = 171), cue-based friction indirectly enhanced trust-related outcomes through the transparency heuristic and perceived social responsibility, whereas action-based friction influenced both trust-related outcomes and responsible AI use through heightened cognitive elaboration but reduced perceptions of user agency. Implications for conceptualizing different forms of design friction and promoting responsible AI design are discussed.
Beyond Informing and Entertaining: Developing and Validating a Scale for Perceived Effects of Watching Science Videos on Social Media
Luye Bao, Shupei Yuan
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In algorithmically curated environments where science videos reach audiences primarily through incidental exposure rather than active seeking, understanding viewers’ perceived effects provides insights for communicating science effectively. We developed and validated a multidimensional scale measuring perceived effects of watching science videos through three sequential studies. Study 1 used an open-ended survey to generate items ( N = 150), Study 2 employed a close-ended survey for factor identification ( N = 309), and Study 3 tested criterion validity ( N = 286). We identified five dimensions of perceived effects: information acquisition, practical application, enjoyment, time-passing, and social interaction. These dimensions show varied associations with content exposure and perceptions of science.

Social Media + Society

Bystanders and Reporters: Who Acts Against Illegal Online Content?
Friederike Quint, Yannis Theocharis, Spyros Kosmidis, Margaret E. Roberts
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Harmful and illegal content on social media is widespread, but what should be taken down is widely disputed, creating ongoing challenges for resolving the tension between free speech and user safety. User reporting is a key mechanism for addressing such content, yet little is known about who reports, what motivates them, and how they compare to the general population. We study these questions using two datasets: (1) a unique survey with individuals verified to have previously reported potentially illegal content to a third-party organization in Germany and (2) a quota-based sample approximating the German population. We show that individuals who have previously reported potentially illegal content via a third-party reporting service represent a distinct, civically engaged subset of users. They tend to be older, more often men than women, highly educated, highly politically active, and markedly left-leaning. They are not politically representative of the German population and take a distinctly different position when balancing free speech and protection from harm, putting more emphasis on protecting from harm. Reporting users’ motivations appear primarily civic-minded rather than reactive, especially among those who do it frequently and those intervening on behalf of others. These insights highlight reporting as a form of digital civic participation and offer perspectives relevant for understanding political engagement online, platform governance, user agency, and trust and safety regulation.
Social Media Is Now Parasocial Media
danah boyd
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When practitioners used the term “social media” to describe the internet tools that emerged in the mid-aughts, they were giving a name to the kinds of platforms and protocols that allowed people to socialize with friends and communities of interest by using digital technologies. Twenty years later, users of social media are far more likely to scroll than post – and the content that they consume is often strategically produced and algorithmically curated. In this essay, I argue that the very essence of social media has changed. To more effectively interrogate what we are witnessing, we need to stop presuming that these tools are “social media” and begin recognizing that they are now “parasocial media.” Doing so raises new questions about digitally mediated sociality, not to mention the politics and governance of these platforms.
Social Media has Aged, It’s Time It Got Wise
Eszter Hargittai, John Palfrey
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As social media platforms mature, their user base is simultaneously aging, with older adults now representing the fastest-growing demographic of users. Despite persistent myths contrasting “digital natives” with “clueless seniors,” empirical evidence demonstrates that socioeconomic status, rather than age, is the primary driver of digital inequality. The study, design, and regulation of social media must undergo a paradigm shift to embrace older adults as active, vital participants. Market self-regulation has failed to address critical issues like privacy and interoperability and thus deliberate government intervention is needed to ensure user autonomy and data portability. To fulfill its potential, the social media ecosystem must “wise up,” abandoning ageist tropes and recognizing older adults not as passive victims, but as capable users, valuable support sources, and essential stakeholders in technology design.
The AI Referee: How Online Interventions Shape Incivility and User Engagement in News Discussions
Georgia Kernell, Seonhye Noh
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This paper seeks to understand how online interventions shape incivility and user engagement with news comments. Using a novel dataset of over 39 million news comments on Korea’s largest online news source (Naver News), we examine changes in the share of comments that are categorized as uncivil before and after the introduction of two automated interventions aimed at flagging incivility. We trained two deep learning models to categorize comments and replicate each intervention. The findings reveal significant decreases in uncivil content following each intervention. Interestingly, we find mixed effects of the interventions on total engagement: while the number of comments and commenters decreased after the first intervention, both metrics increased after the second. Examining individual-level data reveals that the aggregate reduction in incivility cuts across all users regardless of pre-intervention incivility or commenting frequency.
Social Media in the Scam Age
Lana Swartz
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This essay examines scams as a central organizing logic of contemporary social media rather than peripheral criminal activity. Drawing on research in cryptocurrency and financial technology alongside childhood experiences in 1990s Miami, the piece argues that social media is entering a “scam age” where boundaries between legitimate and illegitimate economic activity increasingly blur and the technological and social systems that make those distinctions are being rebuilt. It calls for social media scholars to explore the work that scams—and the idea of “scams”—do in the production of social media, the future, and the future of social media.
The Platformization of Everything: From the End of the Like Button to AI Infrastructure in Space
Anne Helmond
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A decade after the term was coined, “platformization” has evolved from describing the infrastructural expansion of platforms into other domains to capturing a broader transformation in how platforms organize (digital) life. This article traces this shift from the early social web to today’s AI-centered platform models. The retirement of Facebook’s Like button and Google’s “Suncatcher” space-based AI initiative are used as illustrative examples to demonstrate how platforms continually adapt their expansion strategies. Although the concept has been productively adopted across disciplines, its frequent conflation with the term “digitization” has led to conceptual erosion, weakening its analytical precision. To reclaim its explanatory power, this article redefines platformization as a form of platform-specific “transcoding”: a situated process whereby practices and domains are made “platform-ready.”
Broken Connections: Fieldnotes from the Old Internet
Alice E. Marwick
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This essay reflects on the lived experience of early internet culture to interrogate what has been lost in the transition to today’s platform-dominated online environment. Drawing on autobiographical fieldnotes from the 1990s and early 2000s—Prodigy forums, IRC channels, university bulletin boards, and most centrally LiveJournal—I revisit a period when online communication fostered intimacy, community, and meaningful social ties among strangers and friends alike. LiveJournal, in particular, offered an infrastructure for sustained reciprocal writing, affective labor, and audience management that enabled deep connection and mutual support. Its social dynamics illuminate a mode of computer-mediated communication that was less commercialized, less surveilled, and more oriented toward collective meaning-making than contemporary social media. By contrast, today’s social platforms feel alienating, extractive, and hostile to vulnerability. The political economy of social media, driven by advertising, surveillance, consolidation, and algorithmic optimization, has foreclosed the kinds of small, semi-private, socially coherent spaces that once enabled genuine community formation. Rather than imagining social media as infrastructure requiring stewardship, safety, and care, the industry has prioritized virality, scale, and profit, producing environments shaped by harassment, polarization, and corporate capture. Reflecting on these shifts, the essay argues that the trajectory of social media was never inevitable. Alternative design choices and governance models might have cultivated a richer, more humane digital public sphere. If online community has a future, it will not lie in replicating legacy platforms, but in reimagining communication infrastructures that support vulnerability, reciprocity, and small-scale sociality, the qualities that once made the early internet feel like home.

Telematics and Informatics

Unequal AI readiness: institutional and digital disparities in e-government across the European Union
Eduardo Amaral, Mijail Naranjo-Zolotov, Fernando Bação
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The International Journal of Press/Politics

Political Speech, Scandals, and the News Media in Japan
Matthew M. Carlson, Yukio Maeda
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Recent scholarship has aimed to expand the concept of political scandal by examining problematic statements made by public figures, often termed “talk scandals.” However, a major limitation of existing studies is the lack of clear differentiation between gaffes and talk scandals. This study aims to better understand talk scandals by focusing on the political dynamics, including the relationship between the media and politics, that generate them. Using a new collection of political gaffes, we examine the frequency of gaffes associated with different cabinet positions, the locations of gaffes, the durations of gaffes, and the major societal actors who expressed offense at statements made by Japanese cabinet ministers. Through quantitative analysis and case studies, we explore why problematic statements escalate into scandals while others quickly fade from public attention. Our analysis suggests that the news media alone cannot independently transform a gaffe into a talk scandal. Instead, journalists must reference and justify their coverage by citing clear criticisms from offended groups or individuals. These statements tend to develop into talk scandals only when they receive strong and sustained criticism within the political arena.

Visual Communication

How expert designers foster expertise: a study of professional visual communication practice
Grant Ellmers, Marius Foley, Juliana Peloche
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While design expertise has been widely studied across domains such as industrial design, engineering and architecture, visual communication design has received limited attention. Earlier research examined novice designers’ development of reflective capability, and its link to expertise progression. This study extends that work by investigating how expertise manifests and is fostered among experienced designers within visual communication design practice. Through in-depth interviews with five experienced designers (20–35 years’ industry experience), this qualitative case study employed thematic analysis grounded in Schön’s reflective-practice theory and Lawson and Dorst’s (2013) design-expertise model. This approach enabled close examination of how reflective processes, mentoring structures and studio cultures shape expertise development within professional contexts. Findings revealed characteristics associated with advanced levels of expertise, including progression from technical to strategic thinking, cultivation of collaborative studio cultures, structured reflection practices and interdisciplinary knowledge integration. The analysis identified tensions between participants’ stated values and the structural realities of practice, such as hidden hierarchies, selective mentoring and the influence of privilege on expertise trajectories. The study extends existing expertise frameworks by linking reflective processes and collaborative practices with the structural conditions of work, providing a basis for understanding how expertise develops and is sustained in visual communication design practice. This basis highlights the need to investigate how technological change is reshaping learning pathways and the strategies through which expertise will be developed and sustained within AI-integrated design practices.
Visual composition of the pitch deck: a multimodal analysis of entrepreneurial pitch presentations
Paula Cabezas
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This study focuses on the pitch deck, a slide presentation typically used in the world of business and innovation. The aims of the study reported are, firstly, to identify the use of visual elements in the pitch deck and, secondly, to relate the use of these elements to specific sections of the pitch deck. A total of 96 slide decks produced at the Start-up Chile accelerator program were analysed. Results show that pitch decks have a very diverse composition and that the use of specific visual elements tends to vary according to the topic presented by the slide, thus contributing to a better understanding of the pitch deck as a multimodal genre.